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As kids, we called them helicopters. Double- and single-winged seed pods fell from trees by the thousands each autumn, and we would gleefully fling them into the air to watch them spin earthward. My grandson does the same thing now, but I think he prefers calling them whirlybirds. Looking closely, you may be surprised to see how much samaras look like insect wings. They probably evolved in a similar manner for the same reasons. Botanically, they are called samaras. Samaras are a type of fruit, called achenes. The seeds we blew from ripe dandelions are also achenes. Achenes are indehiscent, simple dry fruits. [Indehiscent means they do not split open the way pea pods do.] Samaras are notable for their papery wings. You can use the number of wings and the position of the seed to help identify the tree in question. If the seed is found in the middle of a pair of wings, it is likely to be bushwillow, elm, or hoptree. If the seed is found at one end, it is ash, mahogany, or maple. British sycamores (Acer pseudoplatanus) may have three or four wings.
Sweet, juicy, and generally easy to grow, berries are a great reason to garden. We have already discussed blackberries, boysenberries, loganberries, raspberries, and youngberries, but dewberries are a little different. Unlike those other berries, most spiny dewberry canes grow along the ground, sending out roots as they go. Because they spread so easily, they are sometimes referred to as beneficial weeds. There are several species of dewberry found throughout the Northern Hemisphere. There are two main categories of dewberry: European (Rubus Caesii) and American (R. Flagellares). Within the American section, there are several species to choose from, all of which are native to the region east of the Rocky Mountains. Dewberries can be grown in USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 5–10 and tend to prefer coastal, sandy areas with temperatures between 50°F and 70°F (10°C to 21°C). Some species are more upright than others. Fragrant white flowers bloom from late winter to early spring and turn into small, green berries. As the berries ripen, they change from red to black or purple by mid to late spring. These are some of the first berries you can harvest each year. When they are dark and fully ripe, they hold tightly to the plant and can be easily squashed, so handle them carefully when picking.
Be sure to consider their growth habits when selecting a site for dewberries. They can easily turn into a thicket that can be challenging to manage. You can grow dewberries from seeds or cuttings. Plants should be installed in early spring and spaced three feet apart. They are best trained up a trellis, protected from strong winds. They prefer full sun but can also be grown in partial shade. This is especially true in areas with scorching hot summer temperatures. It takes a few years for dewberries to start producing fruit, but once they do, you will probably have a lifetime supply. Dewberries can also be grown in large containers. In either case, they will benefit from top dressings of aged compost. Aphids, cane borers, dewberry mites, leaf beetles, peach blossom moths, and spider mites may be attracted to your dewberries. So will chipmunks, deer, fox squirrels, raccoons, white-footed mice, and many other mammals. But these plants are rugged. Overwatering and poor drainage are more likely to cause fungal problems, such as blight, downy mildew, fruit, root, and stem rots. As with other bramble fruits, remove spent canes with a pair of high-quality bypass pruners to improve air flow and promote new growth. Did you know that boysenberries are a cross between loganberries and dewberries? Now you know. |
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