Miner’s lettuce is native to California, grows prolifically without human intervention, and makes a tasty addition to your salad. It can also be cooked the way we cook spinach, with a similar taste.


Miner’s lettuce (Claytonia perfoliata), also known as winter purslane, spring beauty, and Indian lettuce, is rumored to have gotten its name because California Gold Rush miners used to eat it to prevent scurvy. I don’t know if this is true, or not, but it sounds good and it makes sense. The leaves are high in vitamin C and can be quite abundant in late winter through late spring.

Miner’s lettuce identification

Miner’s lettuce is a fleshy annual with petite white and pink flowers. It grows in a rosette form with several erect, slender, spreading stems. The leaves are bright green and can be football-shaped, triangular, diamond- or kidney-shaped. The easiest way to identify miner’s lettuce is the tiny white or pink flower stalks that appears to grow out of a round, cup-like bract that surrounds the stem. Flowers bloom February through May.


Growing miner’s lettuce

Miner’s lettuce should be planted starting a couple of weeks before the first frost, usually by the first of November in the Bay Area. Miner’s lettuce can be grown in full sun or partial shade. Seeds should be planted 1/4-inch deep and spaced 4 inches apart. Keep the soil moist until germination occurs.


While this annual does die off in our summer heat, it reseeds prolifically and will return each year, making a nice edible ground cover. Miner’s lettuce does contain oxalates, which can accumulate in older leaves and can be mildly toxic in large quantities.


Miner’s lettuce also provides food for our native mourning doves and quail.

Lettuce may not look like it has much to offer, but this member of the sunflower family can provide good food, ground cover, and fun!


Lettuce is a biennial garden staple that finds its way into most burgers and lays the foundation for nearly every salad ever made. With half of the world’s lettuce crop being grown by China, and numerous cases of E. coli and Salmonella poisoning in bagged salads, lettuce should be one of the first garden plants you try. Fresh lettuce is cheaper, tastier, safer, and far better for the environment than anything that has been shipped from halfway around the planet.


History of lettuce

The ancient Egyptians took advantage of a certain type of weed, whose seeds contained a lot of oil. Over time, those weeds became domesticated and the edible leaves started being used for food and medicine. The Romans gave lettuce its Latin name, Lactuca sativa, for the white latex (lactuca) that drips from cut stems. (Sativa means cultivated.) Being people, we saved seeds from our favorite types to ultimately create nearly 150 varieties of lettuce. 


Lettuce varieties

Lettuce generally grows in a crisphead, loose leaf, or romaine form, but there are seven cultivar groups: 

• Oilseed lettuce is (still) grown solely for its large, oil-packed seeds
• Stem lettuce is grown for its stalks and used primarily in Asian cooking
• Iceberg, or crisphead, lettuce is mostly water, with few nutrients, but it ships and stores well
• Romaine lettuce (of Caesar salad fame) contains high levels of folic acid, which allows it to help battle depression and infertility. Romaine is also called ‘cos’ for the Greek island of Cos, where it was grown extensively.
• Loose leaf, cutting, or bunching lettuce can be found in many shapes, colors, and textures. Leaves may be smooth, frilly, curled, notched, or scalloped. Leaf lettuce contains plenty of Vitamin K, which helps promote bone strength.
• Bibb, Boston, or butterhead lettuce (one of my favorites) is a tender, sweet tasting, loosely formed head (that works beautifully for Lettuce Wraps!)
• Summercrisp, or French crisp, lettuce is another cross between crisphead and loose leaf, but larger and sturdier than the Bibb variety.

Loose leaf and romaine lettuces can be harvested in a cut and grow method, in which outer leaves are removed for consumption and the plant is allowed to continue providing edible leaves for the entire growing period.


How to grow lettuce

Lettuce, like spinach, tends to bolt when it gets really hot outside, so fall, winter, and spring are the best times of year for growing lettuce in the Bay Area. Lettuce can be grown in containers, straw bales, in the ground, or on a window sill. Lettuce prefers sun, but it can grow just fine in shade gardens, too! In spite of its taproot, lettuce does not need a particularly large or deep container to provide you with fresh leaves for your sandwich or salad. 


Lettuce seeds are really tiny, so don’t try planting outside on a windy day. (Yep, I learned that one the Hard Way.) Seeds only need to be covered with 1/4” of soil, but they must be kept moist until they germinate. Spacing between plants depends entirely on the variety. Keep planting new seeds every few weeks, in succession, for a continuous harvest. 

Bolting

Once temperatures start rising, your lettuce plants will probably bolt, or go to seed. You can tell this is happening because your docile, rounded lettuce plants will suddenly send up a spike of growth from the center that looks very un-lettuce-like. If you allow this to continue, and I urge you to do so, your lettuce plant will become too bitter to eat, but it will produce flowers and seeds for future generations. I allow my lettuce plants to go to seed and let them fall where they will. (You can also wrap bags around flowering heads to collect seeds.) I now have an attractive foodscape, with all sorts of lettuces growing in all sorts of places. Unless it’s the peak of summer, I can create a fresh salad with a variety of lettuces simply by walking around my backyard!

Lettuce pests & diseases

​Aphids are a lettuce plant’s worst enemy, with snails and slugs being a close second. Earwigs, cutworms, weevils, rabbits, and voles will all be attracted to your lettuce plants, and white mold can sometimes be a problem. 


Does lettuce really turn brown faster when cut with a knife? No, it doesn’t.


Finally, any packet of lettuce seeds that you buy will have far more seeds than you will be able to use in a growing season. Solution: invite your friends over for a seed-luck. What's a seed-luck? That's when everyone brings a packet of a different type of lettuce (or other) seed, a dessert, and a bottle of wine. You will need to provide little packets or envelopes for guests to (decorate and) use to take their bounty home. A good time is sure to be had by all, and everyone ends up with a bigger variety of plants!

You can grow Romaine on a windowsill, in a container, on a balcony, in a traditional garden or sprinkle it around your landscape. Wherever and however you grow Romaine, you’ll be glad you did.


Romaine is high in folate, which have been shown to boost male fertility and reduce depression for everyone. The CDC ranks Romaine as the 9th healthiest food you can eat to prevent chronic disease. Hey, and it tastes pretty good on a burger, too!


How to grow Romaine lettuce

Plant Romaine seeds 1/2 inch deep and several inches apart (just picture how large a head of Romaine gets). Water thoroughly at first and then as needed to prevent wilting. One cool thing about Romaine, is that you can regrow a head from the stem at the base of the head. Simply place it in a container that can hold 1/2 inch of water, Pyrex baking pans work well and you can always find them at a thrift store for practically nothing. You will need to change out the water every day, but then you can use that water on houseplants, the lawn, or anywhere in the landscape. Once roots develop, move your lettuce into soil for the best growth. To harvest, simply break off outer leaves as you need them, or cut the whole head off and restart the base in water all over again!


Planting your Romaine near garlic and chives is said to reduce aphids. Earwigs, cutworms, evil rabbits, and uncaged chickens can also cause problems in your lettuce patch.